Evidence Catalog
Scientific References
Transparency is a fundamental tenet of BodyCompOS. Every calculator logic, strategy guideline, and metabolic decay timeline is mapped directly to peer-reviewed studies, clinical reviews, and professional position stands. Here we catalog our academic foundations.
"A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals"
Mifflin, M. D., St Jeor, S. T., Hill, L. A., et al. (1990). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51(2), 241-247.
Application: Used in BMR, TDEE, and calorie calculators as the default resting metabolic rate baseline estimation for the general population.
"Nutrition and Energy Transfer (Nutrition in Exercise and Sport)"
Katch, F. I., & McArdle, W. D. (1996). Williams & Wilkins.
Application: Leveraged as the primary BMR calculation engine when a reliable body fat percentage is supplied, calculating energy expenditure from fat-free mass.
"Metabolic adaptation to weight loss: implications for the athlete"
Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., & Norton, L. E. (2014). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 7.
Application: Informs our non-linear weight forecasting timeline engine, accounting for adaptative thermogenesis (metabolic slowdown) during caloric restriction.
"American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement: Nutrition and Athletic Performance"
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(3), 543-568.
Application: Used to size caloric deficits and surpluses, establishing safe weekly weight loss and weight gain percentages for athletic performance.
"Nutrition Recommendations for Bodybuilders in the Off-Season: A Narrative Review"
Iraki, J., Fitschen, P., Espinar, S., et al. (2019). Sports, 7(7), 154.
Application: Cited in bulking calculators to size a controlled, hypertrophy-focused caloric surplus (10% to 15% above maintenance).
"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise"
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., et al. (2017). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 20.
Application: The clinical foundation for our daily protein intake suggestions of 1.6 to 2.2 g/kg body weight to maximize muscle protein synthesis.
"A systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in active, resistance-trained humans"
Helms, E. R., Zinn, C., Rowlands, D. S., & Brown, S. R. (2014). International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(2), 127-138.
Application: Informs our elevated protein targets (2.3 to 3.1 g/kg of fat-free mass) for lean, training individuals in deep deficits to defend muscle mass.
"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults"
Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., et al. (2018). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(6), 376-384.
Application: Comprehensive meta-analysis cited in our protein calculator confirming the daily protein intake breakpoint of ~1.62 g/kg.
"How much protein can the body use in a single meal for muscle-building? Implications for daily protein distribution"
Schoenfeld, B. J., & Aragon, A. A. (2018). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 10.
Application: Underpins our protein distribution and timing guides, advising 0.40 to 0.55 g/kg/meal spread evenly throughout the day.
"Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids"
Kouri, E. M., Pope, H. G., et al. (1995). Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 5(4), 223-228.
Application: The clinical foundation for our height-normalized Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) calculator and natural hypertrophy limits.
"Prediction of percent body fat for U.S. Navy men and women from body circumferences and height"
Hodgdon, J. A., & Beckett, M. B. (1984). Naval Health Research Center Report, 84(29).
Application: The mathematical equations used in our Body Fat Calculator to estimate body fat percentage using neck, waist, and hip circumferences.
"Effect of two different weight-gain rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes"
Garthe, I., Raastad, T., Refsnes, P. E., et al. (2011). European Journal of Sport Science, 13(2), 224-232.
Application: Cited in our Bulking comparison guide, showing that a slower, controlled surplus (lean bulk) minimizes body fat storage.
"Body Recomposition: Can trained individuals build muscle and lose fat at the same time?"
Barakat, C., Pearson, J., Escalante, G., et al. (2020). Strength and Conditioning Journal, 42(5), 7-21.
Application: The primary literature citation supporting our Body Recomposition Strategy, detailing fat loss and muscle gain parameters.
Committed to Accuracy
Notice an outdated citation or a calculation variance? Let our editorial board know through our Contact page. We review and update formulas continuously.